//  except.cpp

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class base {
public:
  virtual void say() { cout << "\n  base object speaking"; }
};

class derived : public base {
public:
  virtual void say() { cout << "\n  derived object speaking"; }
};

void fun1( ) {

  cout << "\n  throwing a base exception";
  throw base();
}

void fun2( ) {

  cout << "\n  throwing a derived exception";
  throw derived();
}

void fun3( ) {

  cout << "\n  throwing a pointer to a derived object";
  derived d;
  base *pb = &d;
  throw pb;
}

void main( ) {

  try {
    fun1();
  }
  catch(base &b) {
    cout << "\n  in catch(base &b)";
    b.say();
  }

  try {
    fun2();
  }
  catch(base &b) {
    cout << "\n  in catch(base &b)";
    b.say();
  }

  try {
    fun3();
  }
  catch(base *pb) {
    cout << "\n  in catch(base *pb)";
    pb->say();
  }
  cout << "\n\n";
}